Enhanced resistance to sclerotinia stem rot in transgenic soybean that overexpresses a wheat oxalate oxidase

Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), caused by the oxalate-secreting necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the devastating diseases that causes significant yield loss in soybean (Glycine max). Until now, effective control of the pathogen is greatly limited by a lack of strong resistance in available commercial soybean cultivars. In this study, transgenic soybean plants overexpressing an oxalic acid (OA)-degrading oxalate oxidase gene OXO from wheat were generated and evaluated for their resistance to S. sclerotiorum. Integration and expression of the transgene were confirmed by Southern and western blot analyses. As compared with non-transformed (NT) control plants, the transgenic lines with increased oxalate oxidase activity displayed significantly reduced lesion sizes, i.e., by 58.71–82.73% reduction of lesion length in a detached stem assay (T₃ and T₄ generations) and 76.67–82.0% reduction of lesion area in a detached leaf assay (T₄ generation). The transgenic plants also showed increased tolerance to the externally applied OA (60 mM) relative to the NT controls. Consecutive resistance evaluation further confirmed an enhanced and stable resistance to S. sclerotiorum in the T₃ and T₄ transgenic lines. Similarly, decreased OA content and increased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels were also observed in the transgenic leaves after S. sclerotiorum inoculation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the expression level of OXO reached a peak at 1 h and 4 h after inoculation with S. sclerotiorum. In parallel, a significant up-regulation of the hypersensitive response-related genes GmNPR1-1, GmNPR1-2, GmSGT1, and GmRAR occurred, eventually induced by increased release of H₂O₂ at the infection sites. Interestingly, other defense-related genes such as salicylic acid-dependent genes (GmPR1, GmPR2, GmPR3, GmPR5, GmPR12 and GmPAL), and ethylene/jasmonic acid-dependent genes (GmAOS, GmPPO) also exhibited higher expression levels in the transgenic plants than in the NT controls. Our results demonstrated that overexpression of OXO enhances SSR resistance by degrading OA secreted by S. sclerotiorum and increasing H₂O₂ levels, and eliciting defense responses mediated by multiple signaling pathways.

     

复方扁咽宁对急性咽炎大鼠疗效及其机制

目的:观察复方扁咽宁对急性咽炎大鼠的治疗作用及其作用机理,为其临床应用提供依据。方法:采用氨水直接喷雾法复制大鼠急性咽炎模型,将其随机分为模型组、复方扁咽宁高、中、低剂量组,另取正常大鼠作为对照,每组10只,高、中、低剂量组剂量(g/kg)分别按28.8、14.4、7.2(生药量计)灌胃药物水提液,正常组与模型组给予等量蒸馏水,观察并记录各组大鼠的症状表现;于末次给药24 h后,腹主动脉采血,ELISA法检测血清中IL-1β及TNF-α的含量,采用HE染色法观察各组大鼠肺组织及肺支气管组织形态,透射电镜法观察气管纤毛形态。结果:模型组急性咽炎表现明显:咽部红肿、充血,气管及肺组织出现病理改变,血清中IL-1β及TNF-α的含量显著升高(与正常组比较,P＜0.05),提示造模成功;与模型组相比,复方扁咽宁低、中、高剂量组急性咽炎的症状如咽部红肿、充血等现象得到明显缓解,肺组织及肺支气管组织形态得到明显的改善,血清中IL-1β及TNF-α的含量显著下降,中剂量组和高剂量组疗效更显著。结论:复方扁咽宁可加速急性咽炎的康复进程,改善支气管及肺的组织形态,其作用机制可能与抑制血清IL-1β和 TNF-α的释放等有关。     

胰蛋白酶消化法测定牛胶原蛋白三股螺旋结构的含量

本研究建立了一种测定胶原蛋白的三股螺旋结构含量的方法。该方法通过使用柱前衍生高效液相色谱(HPLC)法表征经胰蛋白酶酶解后胶原蛋白羟脯氨酸(Hyp)质量浓度的变化,进而对胶原蛋白的三股螺旋结构进行定量。探讨了不同的酶解时间(0~48h)、酶与底物的比例(1∶100、1∶50和1∶20)和温度(20、25、30、37℃)对明胶降解率的影响。获得了酶解的最佳条件——当胰蛋白酶与底物的比例为1∶50时,25℃酶解3h。使用该方法对明胶胶原蛋白混合液检测,结果表明,该方法能灵敏(RSD<10%)的测定胶原蛋白三股螺旋结构的含量。该方法不仅可用于生物组织研究领域,也可用于胶原蛋白食品、保健品和组织工程产品质量的评价。     

基于红外相机的四川亚丁国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性初报

2017年5～11月,我们在四川亚丁国家级自然保护区内共布设64台红外相机,对保护区内的兽类和鸟类多样性进行了调查。经过8 394个相机工作日的调查,我们共鉴定出分属9目26科共56种的野生兽类和鸟类,其中国家Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物分别有5种和13种,被IUCN红色名录评估为濒危(EN)、易危(VU)、近危(NT)的野生动物分别有2种、3种和6种。相对多度指数居前三位的兽类和鸟类分别是毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)、珀氏长吻松鼠(Dremomys pernyi)、猕猴(Macaca mulatta)和血雉(Ithaginis cruentus)、大噪鹛(Garrulax maximus)、雉鹑(Tetraophasis obscurus)。本次调查初步了解了亚丁保护区内鸟兽的种类、丰富度、分布以及人为干扰情况,是亚丁国家级自然保护区第一次开展鸟兽的本底资源调查和研究。我们的调查结果对掌握亚丁国家级自然保护区的鸟兽种类和分布现状等本底资料具有重要意义,同时也为保护区今后的科研工作及开展野生动物的保护管理和长期监测提供了数据支持和指导。     

生态视角下宁夏鸽子山遗址尖状器的形态与功能

宁夏鸽子山遗址是一处旧石器时代末期遗址,工作人员自上世纪90年代以来在该遗址中采集了大量石制品。尖状器是其中数量较多、形态不一、制作精细的类型。本文通过尖状器形态与功能的比对研究,结合该地区晚更新世末段至早全新世的环境特点,探讨石制品形态所体现的古人类对生存环境的适应变化。分析认为,鸽子山尖状器形态特征可能是适应环境的很好例证,类似变更也为北方原始农业的萌生提供了必要的技术储备。     

主要组织相容性复合体单倍型鸭抗原处理相关转运体单抗的制备

目的制备鸭抗原处理相关转运体(TAP)特异性单抗,为深入利用实验鸭开展免疫学研究提供实验材料。方法利用大肠埃希菌诱导表达主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)单倍型HBW-SPF鸭TAP蛋白肽结合区片段,表达产物经镍柱纯化后免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用ELISA技术筛选特异性单抗分泌杂交瘤细胞株。将阳性细胞株制备小鼠腹水,作为一抗,与多次截短表达TAP蛋白肽结合区进行蛋白免疫印迹试验,鉴定单抗针对的抗原表位。通过间接免疫荧光试验比较该单抗对实验鸭和鸡外周血淋巴细胞的反应性,利用免疫组织化学技术检测对SPF鸡、SPF鸭、鹌鹑、鹅和SPF猪的特异性。结果获得一株鸭TAP单抗1A6,抗原表位位于²⁹⁷NARHQMLQQAVLDATAGTGMVVQEAI³²²,对鸡和鸭外周血淋巴细胞具有免疫荧光反应性;在鸡和鸭的肠黏膜固有层检测到大量特异性信号,在猪、鹌鹑和鹅没有检测到信号。结论获得了一株具有鸡和鸭反应性的抗原转运相关体特异性的单抗,可运用于禽类实验动物在禽病学和禽免疫学方面的研究。     

Soluble CXCL16 promotes TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis in DLBCL via the AMAD10‐NF‐κB regulatory feedback loop

We had previously identified that the co‐expression of transmembrane CXCL16 (TM‐CXCL16) and its receptor CXCR6 is an independent risk factor for poor survival in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, the impact of the soluble form of CXCL16 (sCXCL16) on the pathogenesis of DLBCL remains unknown. In the present study, the synergistic effect of sCXCL16 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) on apoptosis in DLBCL cell lines (OCI‐LY8 and OCI‐LY10) was investigated in vitro. sCXCL16 reinforced TNF‐α‐mediated inhibition of DLBCL cell proliferation, as determined by the cell counting kit‐8 assay. The results of annexin V staining showed that sCXCL16 enhanced TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis in OCI‐LY8 and OCI‐LY10 cells through a death receptor‐caspase signaling pathway. The results of gene microarray suggested a significant upregulation of differentially expressed genes in the TNF signaling pathway. sCXCL16 increased the concentration of extracellular TNF‐α by binding to CXCR6 to activate the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling pathway. TNF‐α also induced the secretion of sCXCL16 by increasing the expression of ADAM10, which is known to cleave TM‐CXCL16 to yield sCXCL16. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis revealed that elevated TNF‐α and ADAM10 expression levels in tumor tissues predicted better survival in patients with DLBCL. Thus, our study suggests that sCXCL16 enhances TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis of DLBCL cells, which may involve a positive feedback loop consisting of TNF‐α, ADAM10, sCXCL16, and members of the NF‐κB pathway. sCXCL16 and TNF‐α may be used as prognostic markers in the clinic, and their combinational use is a promising approach in the context of DLBCL therapy.